Mon State: People, History, and Culture of One of Myanmar’s Oldest Civilizations 

Mon State, located in southern Myanmar along the Andaman Sea, is one of the country’s most historically influential and culturally vibrant regions. Home to the Mon people, who are among the earliest known civilizations in mainland Southeast Asia, the state boasts ancient kingdoms, golden pagodas, delicious cuisine, breathtaking natural landscapes, and deeply rooted traditions that have shaped Myanmar’s cultural identity for over a millennium.

From the legendary city of Suvannabhumi to the magnificent Kyaiktiyo Golden Rock, Mon State stands as a symbol of resilience, spirituality, and legacy.

Geographical Setting

Mon State lies between Yangon Region to the north and Tanintharyi Region to the south. It shares a long coastline with the Andaman Sea, giving the region maritime wealth, port settlements, and fishing communities. Its two major cities—Mawlamyine (formerly Moulmein) and Thaton—serve as cultural and economic hubs.

The state is characterized by:

• lush lowlands ideal for rice cultivation

• limestone mountains and caves

• long coastlines with mangroves and sandy beaches

• major rivers like the Thanlwin (Salween) and Gyaing

• hilly landscapes surrounding the Kyaiktiyo Pagoda area

The tropical climate provides warm temperatures year-round, with heavy monsoon rains supporting agriculture and greenery.

The Mon People: One of Southeast Asia’s Earliest Civilizations

The Mon people have a long and distinguished history. They were among the first to bring Theravada Buddhism to the region, influencing the spiritual and cultural structures of present-day Myanmar and Thailand.

Language and Identity

The Mon language belongs to the Mon-Khmer branch of the Austroasiatic family, related to Khmer (Cambodian). It has its own script, which historically influenced the Burmese alphabet. The Mon people are known for their gentle manners, respect for tradition, and deeply Buddhist lifestyle.

Today, Mon communities live widely across Mon State, Kayin State, and parts of Thailand, yet they continue to preserve their language, weaving, rituals, and customs.

Ancient History: Suvannabhumi and the Rise of Mon Kingdoms

Mon State’s history is intertwined with legendary civilizations that flourished long before the rise of Bagan or Ayutthaya.

Suvannabhumi (Golden Land)

Historical and archaeological evidence suggests that the ancient kingdom of Suvannabhumi—meaning “Golden Land”—was located in the region around Thaton. The Mon people played a central role in this civilization, which served as a major center for Buddhism, maritime trade, and art.

Thaton Kingdom

The Thaton Kingdom (Thuwunnabumi) flourished until 1057, when King Anawrahta of Bagan conquered it. Thaton had extensive contacts with Sri Lanka and India, importing Buddhist scriptures, architecture, painting styles, and monastic traditions.

This cultural exchange helped shape Bagan’s own golden age and left a lasting legacy on Myanmar’s religious landscape.

Hanthawaddy (Bago) Kingdom

After the fall of Thaton, the Mon reestablished their power in Lower Myanmar and founded the Hanthawaddy Kingdom with Bago as its capital. This era is considered one of the greatest Mon achievements, known for:

• flourishing arts and literature

• grand pagoda construction

• the spread of Theravada Buddhism

• maritime trade with India, China, and Siam

Mon artisans and architects profoundly influenced Burmese culture during this period.

Religion and Spiritual Life

Like most Mon people, the population in Mon State practices Theravada Buddhism. Mon Buddhism is known for its purity, discipline, and close connection to Sri Lankan traditions.

Key Religious Practices

• Daily alms-giving

• Offering lotus flowers and candles at pagodas

• Observing Buddhist Lent

• Chanting Pali scriptures

• Building sand pagodas during certain festivals

The Mon are recognized for their dedication to preserving ancient Buddhist texts and rituals.

Landmarks and Sacred Sites

Mon State is home to some of Myanmar’s most iconic religious landmarks.

1. Kyaiktiyo Pagoda (Golden Rock)

One of the most sacred pilgrimage sites in Myanmar, Kyaiktiyo Pagoda sits atop a granite boulder covered in gold leaf, appearing to defy gravity. According to legend, it balances on a single hair of the Buddha. Pilgrims from across the country hike up the mountain to pray, meditate, and pay their respects.

2. Mawlamyine

The state capital is known for:

• the spectacular Kyaikthanlan Pagoda, immortalized by Rudyard Kipling

• colonial-era buildings

• the vantage point of Zwegabin Hill across the river

• Buddhist monasteries and local markets

Mawlamyine was once the capital of British Burma and remains a melting pot of cultures.

3. Win Sein Taw Ya Reclining Buddha

Located near Mudon, this is one of the largest reclining Buddha statues in the world, with an interior filled with dioramas illustrating Buddhist teachings.

4. Thanbyuzayat War Cemetery

A memorial site for Allied prisoners of war who died while building the Burma–Thailand Railway (Death Railway) during World War II.

5. Kyaikkhami Yele Pagoda

A unique pagoda complex built on small islands by the sea, connected by bridges. During high tide, parts of the structure appear to float.

6. Hpa-An and Surroundings (Culturally Connected)

Although technically in Kayin State, many Mon cultural traditions influence the area. Kawgun Cave, filled with ancient Mon Buddhist carvings from the 7th century, is a major example.

Culture, Traditions, and Festivals

Mon State is known for its vibrant cultural life, distinctive traditions, and lively festivals.

Mon National Day

Celebrated on the first waning day of the lunar month of Tabodwe, this holiday commemorates the founding of the ancient Mon kingdom. Festivities include:

• parades in red-and-white Mon attire

• traditional dances

• boat races

• literature readings

• cultural performances

Thingyan (Water Festival) – Mon Style

While Myanmar celebrates Thingyan nationwide, the Mon version features:

• traditional drum performances

• dances in colorful Mon dress

• ceremonial offerings

• special Mon snacks and sweets

Kathina Festival

A Buddhist festival marking the end of Lent. Villagers donate robes and alms to monks, celebrating with processions and music.

Traditional Music and Dance

Mon music uses distinctive instruments such as:

• Kyam (Mon harp)

• Saung

• Mon drums

• Ozi and Dobat

Mon dances often depict historical battles, court life, or Buddhist stories.